Wine and Cheese Fall 2017

This page records the schedule, titles and abstracts of the JHU/STScI CAS Astrophysics Wine & Cheese Series in Fall 2017.

Wine and Cheese sessions with one talk will have a 50 minute talk with 10 minutes for questions. Sessions with two speakers will have two 25 minute talks, each with 5 minutes for questions.

September 11th

Lauren Corlies (JHU)

Figuring Out Gas & Galaxies In Enzo (FOGGIE): Connecting Simulations and Observations

The circumgalactic medium (CGM) is host to a number of fundamental processes driving galaxy formation and evolution: gas accretion from the IGM, gas stripping from in-falling satellites, the ejection of gas by multiple feedback processes, and the recycling of gas by the disk. Yet its diffuse nature makes observations difficult and thus, the CGM is one of the least constrained aspects of hydrodynamical simulations. In this talk, I’ll discuss two ways we are trying to connect the simulated CGM to current and future observations. First, I’ll present observationally constrained emission predictions from a high-resolution cosmological simulation of a Milky Way-like galaxy and demonstrate how this emission reflects the evolution of the CGM at late times and discuss the detection likelihoods for such emission. Second, I’ll present a novel implementation of a mesh refinement scheme wherein we achieve unprecedentedly high resolution in the CGM of a MW-like galaxy. I’ll highlight some preliminary results from these tests that indicate that resolution alone has a large impact on the physical structure and observational properties of this gas.

Ivan Padilla (JHU)

SPIDER: Searching for the echoes of inflation from atop the atmosphere

Balloon-borne platforms have long served as a shortcut to space-quality science and as pathfinder instruments for satellite missions. NASA's Long Duration Balloon platform allows for flights lasting roughly 20 days, carrying payloads weighing upwards of 6000 lbs. Spider is a balloon-borne microwave polarimeter that aims to take advantage of this platform to obtain very high sensitivity maps of the polarized cosmic microwave background, over a 10% patch of the sky and at 3 different frequencies -- 95, 150, and 285 GHz. The spatial and frequency coverage should allow for effective separation of foregrounds from the signal, potentially reaching an upper limit of r < 0.03.

Designed as a two-flight mission, Spider completed its first flight in January of 2015 after a 16 day voyage, suspended 36 km over the Antarctic continent. During the first flight, Spider observed a high Galactic latitude patch of the sky with over 2,000 polarization sensitive bolometers at 95 and 150 GHz. The second flight will replace some of the receivers with three high frequency 285 GHz channels containing 512 channels each. I will go over some preliminary results from the first flight, discuss some of the challenges involved, and motivate the need for a second flight. I will also give an update on the status of preparation for the second flight, which is scheduled for the end of 2018.

September 18th

David Neufeld (JHU)

What the Largest Atoms in the Galaxy Tell Us About the Density of Cosmic Rays

I'll discuss how the cosmic-ray ionization rate in diffuse molecular clouds can be inferred from observations of radio recombination lines emitted by atoms in high-lying "Rydberg" states. Our preliminary results are in good agreement with those obtained from observations of molecular ions such as OH+ and H3+.

Richard Conn Henry (JHU)

The Mental Universe
Forty-nine years ago I was hired (a PhD astronomer) by the JHU Physics department. I’d never understood physics from the classes I’d taken: physics did not seem to make much sense, especially, of course, quantum mechanics. So I decided I should teach physics myself, in the hope of understanding it at last. So, for about 35 years I taught Special Relativity, General Relativity, and Quantum Mechanics. The result was fascinating, and disturbing: it was clear that the universe is not what we astronomers think it is. I also discovered, by reading Nature and Science every week for all those years, that this was not a secret! For example, in Science, 1995, 270, 1439, “Measurements are the Only Reality, Say Quantum Tests.” But, the scientific community did not teach that fact to the young! What was going on? I decided, twelve years ago, to put the matter to the test: my wife and I were skiing in Colorado and in the evenings, I composed an essay entitled “The mental Universe,” and submitted it to Nature. Shortly after we returned to Baltimore, I received a phone call from England and was told that my essay “needed to be shortened by about a factor of two” before it could appear. I swallowed hard, shortened it, and it duly appeared (436, 29, 2005). I waited for blowback, but that never came. I will try to explain why this is not a joke, but is, well, real.

September 25th

Michael Crosley (JHU)

The Search for Transient Mass Loss in Active Stars
One factor important to habitability is the impact of stellar eruptive events on nearby exoplanets. Currently this is poorly constrained due to heavy reliance on solar scaling relationships and a lack of experimental evidence. Low frequency dynamic spectra of radio bursts from nearby stars offer the best chance to directly detect the stellar signature of transient mass loss on low mass stars. By using solar observations, analogous to those found in stellar studies, we test the validity and accuracy of the multi-wavelength analysis proposed to describe coronal mass ejections from radio bursts and flare observations. We take these results and apply them to 15 hours of radio observations of YZ CMi taken at Low Frequency Array and 20 hr simultaneously observed EQ Peg observations taken at the Jansky Very Large Array and Apache Point Observatory.

Matt Morris (JHU)

Stellar Atmospheric Modelling for the ACCESS Program
The goal of the ACCESS program (Absolute Color Calibration Experiment for Standard Stars) is to enable greater discrimination between theoretical astrophysical models and observations, where the comparison is limited by systematic errors associated with the relative flux calibration of the targets. To achieve these goals, ACCESS has been designed as a sub-orbital rocket borne payload and ground calibration program, to establish absolute flux calibration of stellar targets at <1% precision, with a resolving power of 500 across the 0.35 to 1.7 micron bandpass. Using calibrated high resolution spectra from Apache Point Observatory in addition to HST/CALSPEC data, I have developed stellar atmosphere models for ACCESS flight candidates, as well as a selection of A and G stars from the CALSPEC database using ATLAS9 and ATLAS12 Kurucz stellar atmosphere code. I will discuss the process of model fitting, and present preliminary results.

Raymond Simons (JHU)

z~2: An Epoch of Disk Assembly
At z = 0, the majority of massive star-forming galaxies contain thin, rotationally supported gas disks. It was once accepted that galaxies form thin disks early: collisional gas with high velocity dispersion should dissipate energy, conserve angular momentum, and develop rotational support in only a few galaxy crossing times (~few hundred Myr). However, this picture is not borne out at high redshift, where the processes governing galaxy assembly tend to be violent and inhospitable to disk formation. I will present results from our survey of star-forming galaxy kinematics at z ~ 2. I will show that this period is one of disk assembly, where galaxies are most rapidly building their stellar mass and only just beginning to develop the kinematic characteristics of local disks, i.e., low velocity dispersion and high rotation velocity.

Kirill Tchernyshyov (JHU)

Gas Dynamics in the Spiral Arms of the Milky Way
There is general agreement that the ISM of the Milky Way is arranged into a spiral-like structure of some sort, though there is not yet agreement on how regular this spiral-like structure is, how many arms it consists of, or how it evolves. In order to investigate the dynamics of gas associated with one of the spiral arms nearest to the Sun, the Perseus arm, we have developed techniques for inferring the line-of-sight component of the velocity field of the ISM using combinations of observations of dust reddening, gas emission, and gas absorption. Using these techniques, we have produced two maps of the line-of-sight velocity as a function of three dimensional position. In both of these maps, there are spatially coherent deviations from flat rotation which reach their peak amplitudes at approximately the location of the Perseus arm. We have compared these deviations to predictions from stationary spiral shock and dynamic spiral structure models and have found that both models predict features that are clearly not present in the observed velocity field.

October 2nd

Norman Murray (CITA)

Star Formation, GMCs, and Galaxies

Star formation on galactic scales is observed to be a slow process, a result known as the Kennicutt-Schmidt relation. I will argue, using observations, simulations, and analytic theory, that star formation on smaller scales, those of Giant Molecular Clouds (GMCs), that the star formation rate increases with GMC age. GMCs in the "five kiloparsec ring" of the Milky Way are contracting under self-gravity, a process that is halted and reversed by feedback from star clusters. I will then describe the results of the FIRE simulations, which show that in galaxies with higher gas surface density, and hence more massive GMCs, the feedback not only disrupts the GMCs, it drives winds from the simulated galaxies; at high redshifts, the simulated winds remove the interstellar medium of the galaxy, halting star formation for a dynamical time. Upcoming CO intensity mapping experiments will test this prediction of the FIRE simulations.

October 9th

Gabriele Betancourt-Martinez (UMCP)

Understanding Charge Exchange through Laboratory Astrophysics Measurements using an Electron Beam Ion Trap
X-ray emission due to charge exchange (CX) between solar wind ions and neutrals in comets and planetary atmospheres is ubiquitous in the solar system, and is also a significant contaminating foreground in all observations from low-Earth orbit. It is also likely that CX is common astrophysically, in any environment where hot plasma and cold gas interact. Theoretical models of CX spectra do not always accurately describe observations, and different spectral models often predict distinct CX spectra, even for the same initial assumptions. It is important to verify these models experimentally in order to exploit the diagnostic nature of CX, and in general to deduce the proper physics from the astrophysical environments we observe.

In order to improve our understanding and modeling of CX spectra, we use an Electron Beam Ion Trap (EBIT) to perform CX experiments and measure the spectra with the EBIT Calorimeter Spectrometer, a silicon thermistor microcalorimeter which has an energy resolution of ~4.5 eV at 6 keV. In this talk, I will present experimental data that we have used to benchmark CX models, and review our progress in understanding CX diagnostics and developing a more comprehensive and accurate CX theory.

Max Abitbol (Columbia)

The Impact of Foregrounds on Cosmic Microwave Background Polarization and Spectrum Measurements
I will present my recent work on foregrounds and their impact on cosmic microwave background (CMB) analysis and instrument design. There are four topics I will focus on: (i) self-calibration, (ii) forecasting for spectral distortion sensitivity, (iii) anomalous microwave emission (AME) observations and (iv) foreground moment expansion.

First, self-calibration is an analysis method that uses the EB and TB power spectrum to precisely determine the polarization angle of a CMB experiment. We show that foregrounds in principle can have non-zero EB and TB spectra which would bias the self-calibration angle and thus fidelity of B-mode detections. The susceptibility of experiments to this bias depends on their sky coverage and beam size. Second, I will talk about our effort to forecast the spectral distortion sensitivity of a space-based interferometric experiment such as PIXIE. We assumed foreground models from Planck and used Fisher and MCMC methods. We show that a 10 year PIXIE mission could detect the thermal-y and relativistic SZ distortions. However, it would not detect the LCDM-predicted chemical potential (mu) distortion as the synchrotron, free-free, and AME foregrounds strongly degrade the sensitivity below 30 GHz. Third, I will discuss our results from Green Bank Telescope C-band observations of a star forming region with known AME. The observations show that the diffuse emission is spatially correlated with H-alpha and 408MHz maps, and the star forming region is correlated with thermal dust emission identified by far IR data. Preliminary analysis suggests the emission is spinning dust which could be a polarized foreground in B-mode observations. Fourth, I will talk about applying a novel foreground parameterization method recently invented by Jens Chluba. Spatial variations of foreground emission integrated along the line-of-sight and within the beam of CMB experiments induce modeling residuals that can be significant for future experiments. To address this, we generalize foreground models using an expansion in parameter moments. This method allows for more flexible foreground models and reduces residual foreground contamination in CMB maps and power spectra.

October 16th

Jeffrey Iuliano (JHU)

CLASS CMB Polarization Survey
The Cosmic Microwave Background is a rich source of information about the universe. CLASS aims to measure CMB polarization – particularly large angular scale patterns, which are typically decomposed into E and B modes. Through this survey, CLASS will characterize inflation, measure the optical depth to re-ionization, and probe high energy physics in the early universe. CLASS will make a sample-limited measurement of large angular scale E-modes, and measure B-modes well enough to determine or constrain the tensor to scalar ratio, r, for r>~0.01. CLASS employs a front-end modulator that enables measurements of large scale patterns from the ground, four frequency bands to remove galactic foregrounds, and a receiver designed for high efficiency and low noise polarization measurement.

Duncan Watts (JHU)

Cosmology with CLASS
The Cosmology Large Angular Scale Surveyor (CLASS) will use large-scale measurements of the polarized cosmic microwave background (CMB) to constrain the physics of inflation, reionization, and massive neutrinos. The experiment is designed to characterize the largest scales, which are inaccessible to most ground-based experiments, and remove Galactic foregrounds from the CMB maps. In this talk, I present simulations of CLASS data and demonstrate their ability to constrain the simplest single-field models of inflation and to reduce the uncertainty of the optical depth to reionization to near the cosmic variance limit, significantly improving on current constraints. These constraints will bring a qualitative shift in our understanding of standard $\Lambda$CDM cosmology. In particular, CLASS's measurement of $\tau$ breaks cosmological parameter degeneracies. Probes of large scale structure (LSS) test the effect of neutrino free-streaming at small scales, which depends on the mass of the neutrinos. CLASS's $\tau$ measurement, when combined with next-generation LSS and BAO measurements, will enable a $4\sigma$ detection of neutrino mass, compared with $2\sigma$ without CLASS data.

Bin Ren (JHU)

Non-negative Matrix Factorization: Robust Extraction of Extended Circumstellar Structures
In the post-processing of direct imaging observations, the vectorized Non-negative Matrix Factorization (NMF) method first creates a non-orthogonal and non-negative basis of components using the given reference images, then models a target with the components. The constructed model is then rescaled with a factor to compensate for the contribution from the circumstellar disks. I will compare NMF with existing methods (classical reference differential imaging method, and the Karhunen-Loeve image projection algorithm) using synthetic circumstellar disks, and demonstrate the superiority of NMF: with no need of prior selection of references, NMF can not only detect fainter circumstellar disks, but also better preserve their morphology. The application of NMF to direct imaging observations obtained from the Hubble Space Telescope will be presented and discussed.

Murdock Hart (JHU)

Reflectance Measurements of Backside Illuminated Charge Coupled Devices
The high quantum efficiencies (QE) of backside illuminated charge coupled devices (CCD) has ushered in the age of the large scale astronomical survey. The QE of these devices can be greater than 90%, and is dependent upon the operating temperature, device thickness, backside charging mechanisms, and anti-reflection (AR) coatings. But at optical wavelengths the QE is well approximated as one minus the reflectance, thus the measurement of the backside reflectivity of these devices provides a second independent measure of their QE.

We have designed and constructed a novel instrument to measure the relative specular reflectance of CCD detectors, with a significant portion of this device being constructed using a 3D fused deposition model (FDM) printer. This device implements both a monitor and measurement photodiode to simultaneously collect incident and reflected measurements reducing errors introduced by the relative reflectance calibration process. While most relative reflectometers are highly dependent upon a precisely repeatable target distance for accurate measurements, we have implemented a method of measurement which minimizes these errors.

Isha Nayak (JHU)

The Most Luminous Young Stellar Object in the Large Magellanic Cloud
The Large Magellanic Cloud has been the subject of star formation studies for decades due to its proximity to the Milky Way (50 kpc), a nearly face-on orientation, and a low metallicity (0.5 solar) similar to that of galaxies at the peak of star formation in the universe (z~2). The most luminous young stellar object (J72.97-69.39) is located in the N79 region of the Large Magellanic Cloud and has a luminosity over 2,000,000 L⨀. How can a massive star like J72.97-69.39 form in a seemingly quiescent environment? Is the N79 region actually quiescent? I will present a comprehensive multi-wavelength analysis of J72.97-69.39: SED fits to Spitzer and Herschel photometry, near-IR and mid-IR spectroscopy from Magellan/FIRE and Spitzer/IRS, low-J CO data from ALMA, and high-J CO data and a [CII] map from SOFIA/GREAT. Spectral energy distribution (SED) fits show this object is a O5V star. ALMA images indicate that J72.97-69.39 could be at the center of colliding filaments. Near-IR spectrum from Magellan/FIRE shows H, H2, He, and [Fe II] emission lines tracing radiative and shock excitation. SOFIA/GREAT observations probe the photodissociation region (PDR) surrounding this massive young stellar object. My work on J72.97-69.39 aims to study the most luminous young stellar object ever found with the goal of answering the questions: How do massive stars form? What is the impact of outflows on the local environment? What role does the local environment (metallicity, nearby star formation, molecular clump distribution) play in the creation of massive stars?

October 23rd

Bradford Benson (Chicago)

The South Pole Telescope: New Results and Current Status
I will give an overview of the South Pole Telescope (SPT), a 10-meter diameter telescope at the South Pole designed to measure the cosmic microwave background (CMB). The SPT recently completed 10 years of observations, over which time it has been equipped with three different cameras: SPT-SZ, SPTpol, and SPT-3G. I will discuss recent results from the SPT-SZ and SPTpol surveys, including: an update on the SPT Sunyaev-Zel’dovich (SZ) cluster survey and joint analyses with the optical dark energy survey (DES); a comparison of CMB measurements between SPT-SZ and the Planck satellite; and the latest CMB polarization power spectrum constraints from SPTpol. In addition, I will discuss the status of the recently deployed SPT-3G camera, which achieved first light on the SPT in January 2017. The SPT-3G camera consists of 2710 trichroic pixels, each simultaneously measuring two orthogonal linear polarizations in frequency bands centered at 95, 150, and 220 GHz, and a total of 16,200 superconducting transition edge sensor (TES) bolometers, a factor of ten increase over the previously installed SPTpol camera. I will discuss the deployment of SPT-3G, its current status, and summarize the science goals of the SPT-3G experiment.

October 30th

Vivian Poulin (JHU)

Cosmological Signatures of Exotic Energy Injection
Cosmological probes have a lot to tell us about the nature of the Dark Matter in our Universe. In this talk, I would like to review in particular how CMB temperature and polarization anisotropies are used to look for exotic energy injection, coming for instance from decaying particles. I will in particular develop the recent searches for low masses - evaporating - primordial Black Holes, as well as high masses - accreting - ones. Finally, I will emphasize the synergy with CMB spectral distortions and Big Bang Nucleosynthesis studies and illustrate how the 21cm signal, one of the main target of future experiments, could be used in order to improve (but not always!) over current sensitivity.

Brian Williams (STScI)

AXIS – The Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite
I will discuss a proposal for a probe-class mission concept, the Advanced X-ray Imaging Satellite (AXIS). AXIS will follow in the footsteps of the spectacularly successful Chandra X-ray Observatory with similar or higher angular resolution and an order of magnitude more collecting area in the 0.3-10keV band, allowing considerably more science per unit time and the accomplishment of science objectives not possible with Chandra. This mission will vastly enhance the study of the unique science of the high-energy universe, which requires X-ray observations, and complement the next generation of astronomical observatories (such as JWST, WFIRST, LSST, SKA, ALMA, TMT, ELT, CTA). Finally, as seen by the strong synergy between Chandra and XMM-Newton, having a high throughput spectroscopic mission (Athena) flying at the same time as a high resolution X-ray imager vastly increases the science phase space. In this talk, I will describe the straw-man concept for AXIS, as well as some of the high profile science that this observatory will address.

November 6th

Ira Thorpe (GSFC)

LISA - Taking the Gravitational Wave Revolution to Space
With detections of multiple black hole systems and now a neutron star merger, the long-promised era of gravitational-wave and multi-messenger astronomy is finally upon us. As exciting as LIGO and VIRGO's accomplishments are, they represent just the first few glimpses through this new window. Among the most promising avenues for future discoveries is a space-based gravitational wave observatory such as the Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA). Consisting of three spacecraft in a triangular constellation millions of kilometers on a side, LISA will be sensitive to gravitational waves in the milliHertz band. The population of astrophysical sources expected in this frequency band is rich, including millions of compact binaries in our own galaxy, the capture of stellar remnant objects in nearby galactic nuclei, and the merger of massive black holes in the distant universe. In this seminar, I will give an overview of the LISA science case, the mission concept, the required technologies, and the current status of the mission.

November 13th

Jonathan Aguilar (JHU)

Discovery of a red substellar companion to an A star
We present near-infrared spectrophotometry and L-band photometry of a newly discovered early L/late M companion to an A-type star. The companion orbits at a separation of 19 AU and is ~10^-4 times fainter than its host. We place our companion in context with the known population of isolated brown dwarfs and brown dwarf-/planetary-mass companions, and attempt to explain its strangely red color.

Kirsten Hall (JHU)

Infrared Galaxies Clustered Around Quasars Across Cosmic Time
Powerful quasars can be seen out to large distances. As they reside in massive dark matter halos, they provide a useful tracer of large scale structure. We stack Herschel-SPIRE images at 250, 350, and 500 microns at the locations of 13,000 quasars in redshift bins spanning 0.5 < z < 3.5. While the detected signal is dominated on instrumental beam scales by the unresolved dust emission of the quasar and its host galaxy, at z~2 the extended emission is clearly spatially resolved on Mpc scales. This emission is due to star-forming galaxies clustered around the dark matter halos hosting quasars. We measure radial surface brightness profiles of the stacked images to compute the angular correlation function of dusty star-forming galaxies correlated with quasars. We generate a halo occupation distribution model in order to determine the masses of the dark matter halos in which dusty star forming galaxies reside. We are probing potential changes in the halo mass most efficient at hosting star forming galaxies. We find evidence that this halo mass evolves with redshift in a manner consistent with "cosmic downsizing".

Caroline Huang (JHU)

A Near-Infrared Period-Luminosity Relation in NGC 4258
The improving precision of H0 measurements has opened up a possible conflict between two methods of inferring it. Local measurements of H0 show a 3.4-sigma discrepancy with the value derived from observing the cosmic microwave background and assuming a Lambda-CDM cosmology. The most precise local measurements of H0 currently rely on Cepheid variables to calibrate nearby supernovae. However Cepheids will likely be difficult to find in the future with JWST. Mira variables can serve as an alternative distance indicator, allowing a check of Cepheid distances while increasing the calibrating SN Ia sample. I will present the results of a year-long observation of Miras in the water megamaser host galaxy NGC 4258 and discuss the process of discovering and characterizing Mira variables for use as distance indicators.

Yajing Huang (JHU)

Studying Cosmology Through the Cosmic Microwave Background
Given the importance of Cosmic Microwave Background (CMB) constraints for current and future cosmology, it is crucial that results from CMB measurements are carefully examined. I test the internal consistency of Planck temperature power spectrum by splitting the data into high and low multipole ranges and find tension between their inferred parameters. I also compare the results from Planck to those from external CMB or non-CMB datasets and find that a discrepancy at the level of 2-3 \sigma exists between parameters inferred from high multipoles data of Planck and other measurements. I also describe an ongoing effort to calculate the correlation between Planck and WMAP temperature results so as to quantify their consistency.

Brooks Kinch (JHU)

Fe K-alpha Line Profiles from Black Hole Simulations
Both stellar-mass black holes and AGN are commonly observed with prominent and asymmetrically broad Fe K-alpha emission lines in the X-ray band. These line photons originate deep within the gravitational well of the black hole and are gravitationally redshifted as they make their way out---the resulting line profile contains information about the spacetime geometry surrounding the black hole and, therefore, otherwise elusive black hole properties such as spin. We have developed a novel approach to generating template Fe K-alpha line profiles starting with 3D GRMHD simulations and applying as much relevant physics as possible; I will describe the process, show some results, and draw comparisons to observations and to existing techniques.

November 27th

Camilla Pacifici (GSFC)

Synergy between galaxy models and observations to unveil the high-redshift Universe
A synergy between galaxy models and data is indispensable to best exploit the capabilities of current and future telescopes. The interpretation of high-resolution data, both in terms of spatial and spectral resolution, will be challenging or even impossible without proper tools and comprehensive models. With the help of existing data, we need to develop and test new approaches that will allow us to deal with the amount of information we will receive in the future. I will present how we can generate a library of galaxy spectra where all components are computed in a consistent manner, using detailed star formation and chemical enrichment histories from cosmological simulations, state-of-the-art spectral models including nebular emission, and different treatments for dust attenuation. With such model spectra, we can simultaneously interpret spectral features and broadband photometry, from large scales to small regions inside a galaxy. I will show how this approach is being applied to current observations from CANDELS, SAMI, and the LEGA-C survey and how it will be used for future observations (for example JWST) to derive constraints on the dust and metal content of high-redshift galaxies.

Dan Shafer (JHU)

Confronting alternative cosmological models with the highest-redshift Type Ia supernovae
The HST CANDELS and CLASH programs have yielded observations of the most distant SNe Ia to date, 7 of which are at z > 1.5 and deemed suitable for cosmology. I will discuss how to obtain unbiased measurements of the expansion rate from raw SN Ia data and show that, when combined with a large compilation of lower-redshift SNe Ia, these high-z SNe usefully extend the Hubble diagram to allow a robust measurement of the expansion rate at z = 1.5. Current high-z SNe also help us distinguish "alternative" cosmological models from the standard Lambda-CDM model. Using simple model comparison statistics, I will quantify the extent to which some proposed alternative expansion histories (e.g., empty universe, power law expansion, timescape cosmology) are disfavored even with SN Ia data alone.

December 4th

Paul Butler (DTM)

Extrasolar Planets
Modern science began with Copernicus speculating that the Earth is a planet and that all the planets orbit the Sun. Bruno followed up by speculating that the Sun is a star, that other stars have planets, and other planets are inhabited by life. For this and other heresies, Bruno was burned at the stake in a public square in Rome in 1600. Astronomy and extrasolar planets were a really hot field at the time.

Over the past 20 years more than two thousand extrasolar planets have been found, first from ground-based precision Doppler and photometric transit surveys, and more recently by the Kepler space mission. We have concentrated on building precise Doppler systems to survey the nearest stars. Our systems at Lick, Keck, AAT, and Magellan have found hundreds of planets, including 5 of the first six planets, the first saturn-mass planet, the first neptune-mass planet, the first terrestrial mass planet, and the first multiple planet system.

In August 2016 we announced the discovery of a potentially habitable around the nearest star, Proxima Centauri, based on archival data from the ESO HARPS and UVES spectrometers reanalyzed with improved packages that we have written, and with a dedicated 2 month campaign of high cadence observing on HARPS. This discovery highlights the latest statistical evidence from Kepler and ground-based Doppler surveys that ~30% of stars have potentially habitable planets.